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is the result of a process called normalization, an explanation of which is also beyond the scope of this chapter. In brief, one of the objectives of normalization is the removal (or at least the reduction) of data redundancy. In plain English, each individual unit of information (such as an attribute or relationship) that s used in the business is only stored in a single place throughout the data model. To achieve this, we ve also introduced surrogate keys representing each entity (the AlbumId, TrackId, PersonId, BandId, and TitleId columns or a combination thereof, shown in bold in figure 1) in addition to the natural keys present in the data itself one or more columns containing values that uniquely identify each individual row in a table. (In our model, every Title is unique, and no more than one Album can be Published on the same day using the same Title.) The keys in our data model are enforced using primary key constraints, shown in bold, and unique constraints, shown in parentheses preceded by the abbreviation uq in figure 1. The question of surrogate keys versus natural keys is another issue that exceeds the scope of this chapter. As you can observe from figure 1, one entity that we identified in the section The logical model seems to be missing from the physical model the Discography. But is that really true Based on the sole fact about this entity (that it contains Albums ) and the rest of the facts about the Album entity, we could define the Discography entity as the container of all other entities.

The principal purpose of the physical model is to serve as a set of well-defined guidelines used in the development of our data store. As we can see from figure 1, no specific data store is implied, which means that we re free to decide on using any relational database management system (RDBMS). But because the RDBMS used throughout this book is Microsoft SQL Server, we ll use our data model to create a SQL Server database. Put more accurately: we ll implement the physical model of our business case in the form of a SQL Server database. What shall we name this new database First of all, it ll contain all the entities. By naming it Discography we could also implement the Discography entity as the container of every other entity. One down, five to go. The data model has eight entities: five primary entities defined in the logical model (shown in table 1), and three associative entities (TrackAuthor, TrackPerformer, and BandMember) representing the many-to-many relationships between the primary entities. You re welcome to design the database and the tables yourself, or use the scripts published at http://www.manning.com/SQLServerMVPDeepDives.

The source system platform should be a Linux-based or Microsoft Windows based database with versions 111 or 112 This method can incur less than a minute of downtime, which is required for performing a Data Guard switchover to 11 g R2 database on the Database Machine If the source database version is 111, then you need to perform an upgrade to 112, either at the source or at the destination The upgrade process will incur additional downtime